“I’m nobody! Who are you?” by Emily Dickinson Essay

Never judge a book by its cover. Appearances can greatly deviate from what is hidden on the inside. â€Å"Richard Cory† by Edwin Arlington Robinson, â€Å"We wear the mask† by Paul Laurence Dunbar, and â€Å"I’m nobody! Who are you?† by Emily Dickinson each give examples of appearances in contrast to reality. Robinson’s â€Å"Richard Cory† is essentially about a man who is set upon a golden pedestal by others and due to his suppressed sadness, kills himself. â€Å"We wear the mask† by Dunbar shows us society’s use of a â€Å"mask† to hide their sorrow and grief, grinning and smiling when they truly feel overwhelmed with sadness. Dickinson’s â€Å"I’m nobody!† tells of the role of â€Å"somebody† in society as opposed to a â€Å"nobody†, deeming the truth as the latter of the two. In Robinson’s â€Å"Richard Cory,† Dunbar’s â€Å"We wear the mask,† and Dickinson’s â€Å"I’m nobody!† appearance versus reality is exhibited through the usage of poetic language evoking various feelings in the reader. With each authors use of poetic language feelings are stirred and the discrepancies between appearances and reality are clearly expressed. Robinson’s â€Å"Richard Cory† lets us closely examine appearances in contrast with reality. All who knew of Richard Cory held him in reverence; they glorified him and were quite jealous of his lifestyle. â€Å"And he was always quietly arrayed, and he was always human when he talked; but still he fluttered pulses when he said, ‘Good morning,’ and he glittered when he walked†¦. In fine we thought that he was everything to make us wish that we were in his place† gives a perfect example of how highly Richard Cory was thought of by â€Å"the people on the pavement† and how they wished to be of his status. Those who watched Richard Cory every time he went into town might have desired all Cory had and was, but they were deceived by his rejection of the eminence that his fellows would accord him. â€Å"And Richard Cory, one calm summer night, went home and put a bullet through his head,† although it may seem somewhat an ironic and abrupt ending, it suits the theme well, quickly identifying the concept of appearance versus identity. Robinson also shows us appearances versus reality through his use of poetic language. Robinson’s use of imagery, and irony enhances the poem greatly. Robinson uses imagery throughout the course of his poem. â€Å"And he was always quietly arrayed†¦and he glittered when he walked,† Robinson uses visually  stimulating words and phrases to show the magnitude of a man that was Richard Cory. Robinson also makes use of irony in â€Å"Richard Cory,† enabling us to understand the truth of Cory’s existence, that of a sad man, no better than any of those â€Å"on the pavement.† â€Å"And Richard Cory, one calm summer night, went home and put a bullet through his head,† after all that reverence, Richard Cory was in all respects unhappy. This use of poetic language in â€Å"Richard Cory† provokes feelings of grandness and jealousy. When Richard Cory’s fellows looked at him, they saw him as of royalty, of pertaining to that which heavenly or divine; howbeit, they were looking through eyes full of envy. Richard was held in high regards. â€Å"And he was rich – yes, richer than a king – and admirably schooled in every grace,† his ranking alongside Kings gives a sense of how grand a man the townspeople made Cory out to be. People on the street admired Cory from afar; they wished to be him, to walk in his shoes, they coveted his very essence. â€Å"In fine, we thought that he was everything to make us wish that we were in his place. So on we worked, and waited for the light, and went without meat, and cursed the bread†¦Ã¢â‚¬  the extent of their jealousy runs far. However, â€Å"We wear the mask† by Dunbar, in it’s own way, also deals with the same principles of appearance versus reality as did â€Å"Richard Cory.† â€Å"We wear the mask† allows us to delve into the psyche of humanity and explore its apparent need to hide behind a mask. In â€Å"We wear the mask,† the title alone gives us the theme for the entire poem. â€Å"We wear the mask that grins and lies, it hides our cheeks and shades out eyes–This debt we pay to human guile; with thorn and bleeding hearts we smile, and mouth with myriad subtleties,† shows that the mask that is worn hides the true self, instead, a false face is given, one which smiles and does not let the underlying, suppressed sorrows show. Humanity, as seen through the eyes of Dunbar in â€Å"We wear the mask,† is deceiving itself with these masks we wear, this fraudulent life which is lead by all. â€Å"This debt we pay to human guile; with thorn and bleeding hearts we smile, and mouth with myriad subtleties,† though we may be torn apart inside, to the world we are content with life; once again, appearance deviate greatly fro m reality. Moreover, through the use of poetic language, Dunbar also expresses appearance in contrast with  reality. Through the use of an extended metaphor and sensory, Dunbar further allows the exploration of appearances versus reality. â€Å"We wear the mask† tells of a mask which hides the face, which hides the emotions one is feeling, the term â€Å"mask† is used throughout the poem as a metaphor; Dunbar does not write of a mask which is adorned and used for masquerades, rather, he writes of the inherent suppression of emotions for fear of being ostracized from a society which is quick to do so. â€Å"Nay, let them only see us while we wear the mask,† the mask is a necessity in life, it is worn by all. Sensory language in â€Å"We wear the mask† enables the reader to feel the pains and sufferings of the human race. Dunbar’s use of extended metaphor and sensory in â€Å"We wear the mask† elicits pride and empathy in the reader. â€Å"We smile, but O great Christ, our cries to thee from tortured souls arise. We sing, but oh, the clay is vile beneath our feet, and long the mile†¦Ã¢â‚¬  lines such a these enable the reader to empathize with the narrator. The way poetic language was used in â€Å"We wear the mask† evokes feelings of empathy in the reader, as well as pride. Throughout the course of Dunbar’s poem, one cannot help but feel a sense of empathy and pride. Reading this poem, a sense empathy for humanity arises, for the pain we all face day in and day out. â€Å"We smile, but O great Christ, our cries to thee from tortured souls arise,† evokes the feeling of empathy towards the plights of humanity. A sense of pride is also given in the poem with the narrator’s refusal to let others see him without the mask. â€Å"But let the world dream otherwise, we wear the mask!† the narrator voices this statement with pride. In addition, â€Å"I’m nobody!† by Dickinson also faces the idea of discrepancies between appearance and reality. Dickinson’s â€Å"I’m nobody!† explores appearance in contrast with reality. The true face of the reader is being questioned, their identity so to speak. â€Å"I’m nobody! Who are you?† Dickinson suggests, through the persona of a child that the true somebody is, in reality, the nobody. In order to remain in society, one must adopt the views and beliefs of society regardless of your own. â€Å"Are you nobody too? Then there’s a pair of us–don’t tell! They’d  banish us you know,† this shows how people must appear to be the same as the majority, even though in reality, they may be quite different. Dickinson also shows us appearances versus reality through her use of poetic language. Dickinson’s use of similes and satire further enhance the theme of the poem. She compares and contrasts the role of â€Å"somebody† to a frog. â€Å"How dreary to be somebody! How public like a frog†¦ to an admiring bog!† Dickinson’s depiction of â€Å"somebody† is of a self-important and constantly self-promoting person and further shows the false values of a society that approves of people like the frog. Dickinson uses satire to illustrate the follies of mankind in accepting these frog-somebody’s. â€Å"How dreary to be somebody! How public like a frog to tell your name to the livelong June to an admiring bog!† Dickinson’s use of poetic language sound, at times, playful and comical. Dickinson’s use of tone in â€Å"I’m nobody!† is playful and at comical. The child persona she adopts gives the sense of a playful nature in the poem. â€Å"I’m nobody! Who are you? Are you nobody too?† gives the main evidence of its playful tone. At times, Dickinson pokes fun at society, comically pointing out its errors. â€Å"How dreary to be somebody†¦To an admiring bog!† gives a comical, yet true, depiction of society. This poem, like all the rest, expresses appearance in contrast with reality. In Robinson’s â€Å"Richard Cory,† Dunbar’s â€Å"We wear the mask,† and Dickinson’s â€Å"I’m nobody!† appearance versus reality is exhibited through the usage of poetic language evoking various feelings in the reader. Hiding the true self from society is a necessary part of life, everyday it must be worn in order be accepted, and these three poems are exemplary. Appearances are just that, appearances, and nothing more; the true individual is far different from that which we see. Are we all not quick to judge a book by its cover?

People Skills or Technical Skills Essay

There are many efficient engineers working in software companies and the commonplace utterances like ‘coding error’, ‘build not functioning’, ‘new feature is not getting integrated’ , etc. are often heard in their workplaces. Soon after, one might witness meetings after meetings followed by night stay to fix the errors on a stringent deadline. All this is due to lack of people skills. People skills are the most valuable nowadays because large complex projects demand highly efficient people skills to assist in bringing an integrated final product. Bill Gates of Microsoft acknowledges the value of people skills, â€Å"Communications skills and the ability to work well with different types of people are very important. † he said, â€Å"Software innovation, like almost every other kind of innovation, requires the ability to collaborate and share ideas with other tasks, and to sit down and talk with customers and get their feedback and understand their needs. Interpersonal skills are more important in the workplace than IT skills. † In a way projects are technical, but complexity arises as a result of cross-cultural variables, virtual teams, and the necessity to achieve more in less time. To resolve issues and gather technical skills in the competitive world, people skills are crucial. People skills can be defined, practiced, improved continually, and best learnt experientially (Flannes, 2006). A professional can be hired to assist with technical details but a manager with people skills are difficult to get. One of the quick turnaround time project experience shared by Charlie Poole (2001) on the website proves that people skills are more important to a team manager in a software development project. He was focused on rolling out a workable project structure with a set of stories as part of one integration cycle. For this he selected four programming core practices like continuous integration, small releases, onsite customer, and planning game. He did it successfully. When the project was kept in front of him, he had a few thoughts (all of which can be co-related to the seven important skills shown in bracket) about the project that had to move forward in just over three week’s time. He decided: I won’t waste time – (Responsibility) I’ll have to quickly turn tasks over to other people – (Communication Subtleties) I’m forced to recognize what parts of the project have most value – (Ability to Assess) I’ll do the simplest thing that works – (Innovative and Caring) People may be more willing to try out a new approach – (Individuals are not Fixed Objects). An effective team structuring, clarifying requirements before entering into real working scenario, effective planning are some good plans that helped him accomplish the desired results. Besides, Charlie had the ability to manage conflict and agreement in the first place to undertake a project and bring results in three weeks. Earlier, Charlie had the experience of being a team member himself and had grown as a lead and then as manager which gave a certain advantage in bringing the project to closure. By sharing his feelings on the web, Charlie aptly follows â€Å"Writing about thought and feeling in a journal,† which is considered to be one of the seven skills required for a manager. The rate of success in achieving people skills rely on how perfect one has been nurtured with the following seven important skills: 1) The ability to employ four interpersonal communication techniques. 2) The ability to conceptualize and apply four distinct leadership roles. 3) The ability to access individual differences. 4) The ability to motivate individual stakeholders and teams. 5) The ability to manage conflict and agreement. 6) The ability to mediate and manage professional and personal distress. 7) Writing about thoughts and feelings in a journal and competency in six active management skills. Acquiring these skills does not happen overnight. People who have been experiencing in the same domain performing at various levels will have the advantage of handling any crisis situation like Charlie as in the example above. Technical skills are typically easy to observe, quantify and measure. They’re also easy to train, because most of the time the skill sets are brand new to the learner and no unlearning is involved. The case with People skills is different. Another expertise, Russ Finney (Finny, White Paper) advises that having someone on the team who is familiar with the specialized knowledge surrounding selected technical environment provides confidence. Technical skills too have great values in assisting others, making suggestions, developing standards, and finally leading to leadership qualities. This implies that technical skills and people skills are not something far apart. A good technically skilled person has the chances of becoming a capable manager with people skills. If one wants to advance, he or she should never neglect People Skills Training. If you are like most IT professionals, pressed for time, overwhelmed by pending deadlines and working with limited budget dollars your training efforts should focus exclusively on acquiring new technical skills along with your people skills. References Finney, R. Winning Project Teams. Information technology management, White paper. Retrieved April, 18, 2009, http://www. itmweb. com/essay003. htm Flannes, S (2006). Effective people skills for the project manager: a requirement for project success and career advancement. Planning, Development and Support 131-29, 19. Poole, C (2001). Three week project turnaround. Retrieved April, 18, 2009, http://c2. com/cgi/wiki? ThreeWeekProjectTurnaround Retrieved April, 18, 2009, http://www. zdnet. com. au/insight/business/soa/Tech-skills-not-as-valued-as-people-skills-/0,139023749,339284581,00. htm

Missile Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Missile Crisis - Essay Example But though major powers were not directly involved, they armed or funded surrogates, lessening direct impact on the populations of their own countries, but increasing conflict and tension between millions of civilians around the world. One of the 'hot spots' in the Cold War was the Cuban Missile Crisis, when the then US President John F. Kennedy and the Soviet Premier Nikita Krushchev were practically eyeball to eyeball, each with a finger on the trigger. One wrong move and this would have escalated to a nuclear confrontation, and ccompletely changed the course of history. For the Americans, the countdown began on Monday, October 15, 1962, when a U-2 reconnaissance aircraft revealed several Soviet nuclear missile installations in Cuba. They promptly swung into action and the subsequent 13 days has been recorded for posterity and popular consumption in a typical American good-guys-verses-the-bad-guys movie "Thirteen Days," where the good guys were, of course, the Americans. Who knows when it began for the Russians Perhaps the insecurity of being on the defensive started after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, where the use of nuclear weapons is seen by some historians as a warning to the Soviet Union. According to Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev's memoirs, he conceived the idea of placing intermediate-range nuclear missiles in Cuba to counter an emerging lead of the United States in developing and deploying strategic missiles. At this point of time, MAD, or "mutually assured destruction" was a prominent feature of the nuclear arms race, supported in particular by the deployment of nuclear Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs). The idea was that the two super-powers would not attack each other because both sides had nuclear weapons to decimate each other, and worse, to make the entire planet uninhabitable. So, since launching an attack would be suicidal for either party, neither would attempt it. (Wikipedia) For the Soviet Union, what brought things to a head was the presence of U.S. missile sites in Turkey, which directly threatened cities in the western sections of the Soviet Union, tilting the balance of terror in favour of the U.S. As for the Cubans, ever since the Bay of Pigs Invasion in 1961, when the United States armed and funded Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro's government, the Cubans lived under the shadow of fear of more reprisals from the United States. It was to protect themselves from another such United States-sponsored invasion, that Fidel Castro gave the Soviet Union approval to build missile installations in Cuba. The differences in their view-points are reflected in how they subsequently remember the incident. The Cubans know it as the October Crisis, just one of the many run-ins with the Americans. The Soviets refer to it as the Carribean Missile Crisis, where the Cubans are merely instrumental in yet another confrontation with the Americans in the Cold War, while the Americans call it the Cuban Missile Crisis. However they saw it, the thirteen-day countdown (Timeline of the Cuban Missile Crisis, n.d.) was it was considered one of the tensest and most perilous moments in history. Starting with the American discovery of the SS-4 nuclear missiles in Cuba, when President Kennedy immediately convened his Executive Committee to consider America's options, which ranged from doing

Strategy Plan for Ikea Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategy Plan for Ikea - Research Paper Example The new invented idea grew up very well compared to other companies whereby they used emails in giving orders. Giving orders by mail help them sell more than they used to do there earlier. The main challenges faced by the company were generating awareness in new countries, being able to make target ,ensuring the company do not go at a loss, creating new customers and ways of getting them, other competitor selling the same product at a cheaper price and getting new employee who is willing to comply with the company rule. Generating awareness in a new a country is a very expensive task whereby you need unique techniques to make the community or the different tribe to know IKEA company and know the product sold by it. The methods that used in most of the time were quite expensive. The mostly used methods used were tv and radio advertisements, sending marketers to the markets to do the market one on one with the customers or the buyers in the community and by putting billboards and posters around the urban areas. In different countries they speak different language whereby they had to train an employee who have been working for the company for several years and a person who is experience and know the products well and make the person know to read, write and speak the foreign language. The idea will help the company be able to venture into the new country and do the marketing. The decision is perilous whereby the company could just trust the employees trained the new foreign language that they are doing the right thing (Kim and Mauborgne 1). In this case the senior management in Sweden did not know what was happening in the foreign country and the could wait until the sales and this is the time they get an explicit feedback if the markets have done a smart job or not. New employees have to be employed with a nationality of the country, at least to have people who have the foreign language as their mother tongue. This was to ensure that the marketers will

Lumber Spine Disc Prolapsed in MRI Annotated Bibliography

Lumber Spine Disc Prolapsed in MRI - Annotated Bibliography Example The painful and incapacitating prolapse of a lumbar spine disc or discs is one of the commonest problems which can affect the spinal column in humans. The main cause is poor posture and many people with this condition are older people. There are of course many other spinal conditions such as spinal injuries, tumors and innate abnormalities. Any or all of these will result in pain and possible incapacity. Many of these abnormalities are related to the particular area of the lumbar spine. Such people become hospital patients and need the best possible treatment that modern medical knowledge and technology can provide in order that they recover as quickly as possible, and can return to their normal activities as soon as possible without adverse side effects. In modern-day medical practice in western style hospitals, three different methods of medical imaging are used. A patient who attends with a suspected lumbar spine disc prolapse will usually undergo CT scans or preferably MRI. considered the latter to be the most useful method as it best exposes spinal lesions and so points to the most obvious reason for the symptoms experienced. Lakshminarayanan gives the example of a possible symptom as numbness and tingling sensations in the patient’s limb Magnetic Resonance Imaging or (MRI) is a modern medical imaging technique that has to a large extent superseded most other imaging modes in suspected cases of lumbar disc prolapse. It is a safe method, as it does not expose either the patient or health workers to the possibility of harm from ionizing radiation as occurs with x-rays. Instead, it is based upon the resonance or movement of hydrogen atoms. MR imaging uses a large magnetic field to produce an image for further analysis.

General motors project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

General motors project - Research Paper Example Each of these segments is charged with organizing their designated world regions in sales, production, marketing, and development of products. Major factors that have been initiated by well performing companies such as Coca-Cola and Toyota include training of the employees, effective organizational structure, annual bonuses and gifts among others. In this regard, General Motors has emulated similar motivation strategies in order to be at par with its rivals both in the local and international market. The current business environment takes the tendency of globalization. Most business organization enacts the policy of diversity in their human resource management. The purpose of this is to make competitive, and ensure that they attract the market brought about by the diversity in its work force (Certo, 2000). For example it is essential for a marketing firm appealing to the Chinese market, to have a Chinese in its sales team. This is a report on the recommended ethical practices in an o rganization, and how to manage diversity in the team. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 3 2.0 ACTION PLANS 4 3.0 SWOT ANALYSIS 25 Memo to HR Management 28 Instructors Feedback Section 31 M1A1 - 31 References 32 2.0 ACTION PLANS 2.1 General Motors as a learning organization A learning organization is a term for an organization that implements learning for its members for its continued transformation. These organizations develop from the need to face the pressures surrounding them by enabling them to compete in a business environment (Marquardt, 2011). Sequentially, a learning organization has five concepts that govern the attainment of transformation. One, there is the system thinking in which the organization views itself as one body with different organs that make up its overall appearance. Secondly, personal mastery makes the next feature in a learning organization where an individual commits him or herself to the learning process. In addition, mental models and shared vision become the third and fourth parts of the process respectively. The former are the personal assumptions within an individual about the company while the latter is the common goal shared by all members of staff9 (Sessa & London, 2006). Lastly, the team learning aspect becomes the fifth key pillar in this organization that is mainly the collective pooling of individually learnt aspects drawn from other members of staff (Marquardt, 2011). Objectively, this paper will give the name of a company in which transformation will aim at by including the intended broad principles. Further, it will include recommendations to the chosen learning organization that may include motivation, team management, culture, ethics, and empowerment. The learning organization chosen would be General Motors Corporation. 2.1.1 Brief overview of General Motors General Motors is a name commonly associated to remarkable car brands in the world. Arguably, GM is the leading multi- state car manufactu rer with its headquarters in Detroit, Michigan in the United States. Globally, it has establishments in a hundred and fifty seven countries spread across several continents. It has over two hundred thousand employees under its wing by either employing them directly or indirectly. GM has four regional clutters namely, GM South America, GM Europe, GM North America, lastly GM International Operations. Each of these segments is charged with

How do the differences between profit and non-profit organisations Essay

How do the differences between profit and non-profit organisations affect the way in which they should employ budgetary controls - Essay Example Budgetary controls involve regulating the operations of an organization by establishing targets and standards with regard to expenditure and income. This regulation is done to ensure performance of a business institution. It incorporates various methods of applying financial values to financial forecasts in the management of a business organization. These values are usually compared to actual estimates. Irrespective of whether business is profit or non-profit oriented, having budgetary control is essential since it makes sure that the organization realizes success. However, non- profit organizations usually use budgetary control methods that are different from those used by profit oriented business establishments (Kaplan, 2001). Budgetary control methods used by business establishments usually involve management accounting (Lanskroner, 2002). Management accounting refers to the process whereby the management of a business establishment uses accounting information that is provided to them in order to make decisions concerning the future of the company. For companies whose main intention is to realize profits, the accounting information is fundamentally future oriented and not past oriented. The information is also model based and not case based. The information is also intended for managers and not the company’s stakeholders. This type of accounting is done on request by managers, and it is usually treated with a lot of confidentiality. In profitable organizations, the objectives of budgetary control are: 1) to ensure that an organization studies themselves are carefully applied in all of its aspects; 2) to ensure that the whole management system comes together and formulates how the business organization should be run in order for the company to realize maximum profits; 3) to promote planning in order for everyone in the establishment to have a sense of direction; 4) to ensure that a business establishment’s policies are clearly defined and that t heir main aim is to realize profits; 5) to maximize the effect on how both capital and staff are employed; 6) to reveal areas in the company that can be improved in order for the company to realize maximum profits; 7) to facilitate the comparison of the business establishment with external environments with the view of increasing its revenue; 8) to coordinate and direct activities in the business to ensure that they lead to achievement of the company’s goal which is maximum profits; 9) finally, allowing and supporting the control function of management by analyzing actual results with the expected results (Jiambalvo, 2009). This information about the performance of their staff is provided to the managers. Managerial accounting is basically designed for companies whose main aim is profit maximization. However, the use of some managerial accounting concepts is beneficial to non-profit business organizations because by adopting such techniques managers of non-profit organization s are able to set benchmarks or measurements that are appropriate for controlling, planning, and decision making. There are various techniques used when it comes to managerial accounting in a non-profit business establishment. One technique used is where the cost of raw material, labour and total overheads will determine the health of the business e

Research Methods in Health Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research Methods in Health Science - Essay Example Ethical principles used in the scientific researches, different approaches to the issues of reality, truth and knowledge and many other aspects of researches would be easily interpreted from the perspective of philosophical considerations (Patterson, 2000; Scanlan, 1986). The main challenge in discussion about research methods applied in health science researches is differentiation between quantitative and qualitative research methodologies (Grinnell & Unrau, 2005). It is a wrong claim that quantitative researches are based on empirical data collection and qualitative researches are based on subjective approach implementation. Nevertheless, this supposition is wrong, because empirical data collection is relevant to both quantitative and qualitative researchers. The main distinction between these two methodologies lies in the following terms: quantitative research methodologies imply inductive inference and qualitative researches are focused more on a research question. ... The main goal of the authors was to consider â€Å"a correlation between clinical features and MRI findings in lumbar disc prolapse in order to define the significance of further treatment development† (Janardhana, Rao & Kamath, 2010). The main clinical features studied among patients were the following: pain distribution, neurological signs, and symptoms in lumbar disc prolapse (Janardhana, Rao & Kamath, 2010). Therefore, the authors were focused on patients’ clinical features, such as lower limb radiculopathy and the outpatient department of orthopedics were included in the study. The authors chose quantitative approach to the current health study. This fact can be proven by the fact that a focus group consisted of 119 patients, 59 males and 64 females. The mean age (44.83 years) of patients and a range of female/male age groups indicated in the results section of the study refers to the main features of quantitative research (Moore, 2008). Moreover, in the section of â€Å"Materials and Methods† it was noted that Kappa coefficient was implemented for assessment of intra- and interobserver variations. Furthermore, implementation of statistical tests (Kappa and Logistic regression analysis) confirms the nature of quantitative research. A correlation between research question and a chosen approach It is relevant to notice that in previous studies in this field, MRI findings were rarely correlated with clinical level and MRI level. A high percentage of cases when the L4-5 disc prolapse was not only responsible for L5 radiculopathy in 67 (94.36%) cases imply that there is a â€Å"good correlation between the clinical level and MRI level† (Janardhana, Rao & Kamath, 2010). Moreover, a

Safety and security Essay Example for Free

Safety and security Essay Amateur sport is geared around participation and voluntary clubs. As land and buildings are expensive, many clubs use facilities provided by Local Authorities. Many outdoor sports clubs have their own facilities although there is an even greater number of players who use recreation grounds. There are about 78,000 pitches in the country. Thirty years ago amateur sport was largely centred on outdoor team games. Competitive sport means participation and developing skills and there is a sizeable industry for coaches and instructors. Despite its profile, competitive sport is on the decline and organisations like Sport England are concerned that as a nation we are losing our sporting skills and becoming less fit and healthy. For example, many governing bodies have big school-based programmes, and Local Authorities will run schemes in deprived areas where people cannot afford to play sport or go to health suites. Outdoor Activities-there are over a thousand centres in the UK which specialise in providing outdoor adventure holidays. Facility provision is also essential for outdoor sports, meaning the upkeep of the environment, and this is regulated by the organisations under the Countryside Agency umbrella, such as the Forestry Commission, Local Authorities or National Trust. For most participants activity in the natural world is occasional, and more time will be spent in training in built facilities such as pools or climbing walls. Profitable areas such as skiing, sailing, private sector companies are the main providers. Health and Fitness- there are now at least 2,500 private health and fitness clubs in the UK- it is a boom industry that many young people see as the exciting place to work in leisure. Private sector will increasingly dominate the market and eventually also manage and invest in public sector facilities on behalf of Local Authorities.  The central product of these clubs is the fitness room consisting of cardiovascular equipment and perhaps free weights, and frequently areas with small pools, jacuzzis and saunas.. Heritage and visitor attractions The heritage industry concerns buildings and materials that have historical value. Thirty years ago these were largely stately homes, castles, ruins such as Stonehenge and battlefields. Heritage was often about how the rich and famous had lived or what they had collected, or about culture(e.g. Shakespeare). Now it has expanded to include a much wider interpretation of historical value. Many heritage sites are owned by Trusts and limited companies that have been set up to manage individual sites, while many stately homes are owned and run by two big organisations: Museums-are not usually run by the private sector, largely because of high costs. Many museums started life as private collections which were later donated to the nation or the local community.  Libraries-apart from their lending their services which we will look at later, they are largely involved in the heritage sector. They have a back-room role of collecting important documents including maps, and making these available to the public. This is known as the records and archives service. Catering Leisure catering includes pubs and clubs, restaurants, cafes and takeaways. Its firmly placed in the private sector with some exceptions. A catering company provides a service according to the specification of the client and often under the clients name. Many leisure centres and theatres buy in service in this way.  The catering sector has various components that make eating out an enjoyable experience: the provision of food and drink; entertainment, such as jazz at Pizza Express, games; and security in the form of door staff. Eating out is an increasingly important and available leisure experience. The fast-food business is booming with a growth rate of 30 per cent. This growth is at the expense of takeaways and cafes, and especially of pubs and clubs. Fast food tends to be run by chains that can make economies of scale by producing the same product in each outlet. Many breweries have followed this trend and operate chains like Harvester restaurants within their pubs. In contrast cafes, restaurants and takeaways tend to be run and owned by family businesses. Countryside recreation The countryside is the natural, national playground and one which is used by walkers, ramblers and those involved in more active outdoor activities. A survey in 1998 by the National Centre for Social Research showed that 1,427 million day visits to the countryside were made and a further 241 million to the coast.  Like any leisure facility such usage will have an impact which in turn will lessen, and even threaten, the leisure experience itself. Organisations working in countryside recreation are therefore primarily stewards who maintain, manage and regulate the environment and also produce information and education. An important organisation funded by the Countryside Commission is the National Parks Authority. This is responsible for the regulation and interpretative service inside twelve National Parks, which are designated areas of significant natural beauty and wilderness. The Local Authority has a part to play in managing and regulating country parks. In many cases it also own s the land and will act as landlord to any tenants in the park, such as farmers. Home-based leisure This is cheap, easy and relaxing. The equipment most popularly used are: radios, videos, TV sets, gardening materials and home fitness machines is normally provided by the private sector. The main exceptions are the library lending services in the public sector. Except for broadcasting this component is retail based.  As the internet is more widely used, shopping for leisure on the net is likely to increase. Free services like Tesco mean more people are using the net.

Narrative Comment Essay Example for Free

Narrative Comment Essay Analyzing the thesis statement of the narrative, it can be seen that it focuses on the importance of decision-making. At the same time, it also allows readers to examine how effective choices can help provide the satisfaction necessary in order to address the individual’s needs in a deeper level. In terms of the narrative’s point of view, it sought to provide readers with a more personal view towards the application of the thesis statement. It can be seen that the actions were made throughout the paper. On the other hand, the selection of an event best suits the thesis statement as there is a clash between the perspective of the author and her father. This experience highlighted how important of sticking up to decisions is vital to achieve acceptance and success. In chronology, the document provides specific attention to details and organization. It provides specific words that portray appropriate use of time. See more: how to start a personal narrative essay examples Though it may lack originality and detail, it is relevant in providing clarity on how detail is given. Similarly, transitions between scenes were also given accordingly. The use of transition words are present in the narrative and helps readers understand the changes happening in each scene. The use of dialogue was also introduced into the document. Here, it allows readers to understand its value and portrays important points in the argument. The writer made considerable attention into citing quotations coming from actors to highlight significant aspects such as the decision to study abroad and the father’s choice to say yes. Lastly, it can be seen that the verb tenses are consistent with what the narrative portrays. At the same time, it also provides strong action verbs especially during the scenes that depict emotions and feelings of the author.

The Low Retail Price Strategy

The Low Retail Price Strategy INTRODUCTION: Environment of United Kingdom retail Market: The trading atmosphere in the UK is very challenging, and different corporations are using various methods to stay in business. In order to understand how corporations manage to remain in the competition with low prices Strategy this information will center on a particular area, which has all the time occupied our attention. The low price Strategy is a possible environment. In order to take action to this matter we are going to carry some retailing companies those are well reputable or well known for their deal opportunities in the UK market such as Poundland and Primark in the last 5 years. The UK market is very challenging, due to the variety of the residents, and also the significance of the currency which is dissimilar from other countries in Europe. Furthermore the economy of UK develops faster than regular throughout the Europe. (ec.europa.eu/economy) This is a situation where cost is going up due to the boost of the not only VAT in the kingdom, and where a few companies are leaving the industry due to the no profitability of their business. The UK marketplace keep on to battle against slump, as a result fears over job safety, tax increases and slash in government expenditure are the main issues. The retail surroundings go on to see numerous come to an end, as Woolworths; and some companies are ongoing by using unification or an acquisition. On the other hand Iceland has purchased about fifty stores with Bargain Madness, 99p stores, and Poundland is also acquiring a number of Woolworths stores. Furthermore, the market is at price wars; this takes place as a result of the slump. Waitrose, Asda and Tesco all expanded and extended their reduction lines in order to challenge the growing share of discounters such as Lidl. (Supermarkets Business Analysis 2011, UK). If we talk to any regular customer and discus with them about some of excellence, leading big super stores. The probability is far above the ground that one of the initial words they will say will be costly. Not outstanding service, wonderful variety or level cooperative employees. On the other hand costly but attractive, or You get what you pay for, but in the minds of normal customers, cost is approximately for eternity a mean aspect. A pricing strategy is a strategy where a business proposes a comparatively low price to rouse stipulate and increase market share and to attract more customers to offer them good prices and quality products. It is individual of 3 broad marketing strategies that could be able to implement by any super store. Therefore these are generally engaged where the manufactured goods have little or no cutthroat benefit or where financial system of level is attainable with advanced manufacture quantity. Also called low price strategy. In United Kingdom low pricing strategy is used as well and often by several super stores. Therefore it fallout in pricing their goods or services too near to the ground. Many super stores consider that containing the lowest cost in the marketplace will create them unbeaten. It believes that super stores can obtain business from their rivals cleanly by circulating the lowest price. The Poundland Story: The Poundland is the Europes largest only price cut rate seller and won the officially year 2011 Discount Retailer of the Year honour. It has more than 400 outlets across the United Kingdom, also together with Northern Ireland and it trade a broad variety of very quality top product and hold brand goods all for the only price end of  £1 only, as long as offering the consumers with remarkable price each day. This store serve up to Four million regular customers each week, It is an appealing shopping familiarity where customers are certain to purchase more than 3 thousands value goods and up to on thousand Top product, crosswise 17 shopping classes together with groceries and drink, health and beauty, domestic, crop growing, DIY, Animal food, Stationery, books, movies and Toys. Among a expansion policy of at slightest Sixty new outlets each year, Poundland is just the once yet again on way to generate more than Two thousands new employments. Till 2012 the 22 new outlets are have by now opened as well as Four in the Republic of Ireland. Last April, Poundland accomplish one more landmark by building its 400th outlet in Haringey, in the London city. Poundland has opened a new 200,000 four-sided figure in the south eastern delivery centre this month Huddleston, Hertfordshire area. The stockroom will sustain Poundlands expansion policy and also will become as a provincial competence to overhaul its outlets all through the England. The United Kingdom customers hang about underneath heaviness as for consequence of the continuing hard financial circumstances that feat in the United Kingdom and in the rest of the Europe. The goods are of growing value to dare consumers from all socioeconomic crowds. Despite the confront of the financial system and the aggressive atmosphere, Poundland is predictable to carry out strongly in the near-term time. Jim McCarthy, Poundlands CEO, states: Poundland carry on to present astonishing value to more than Four million consumers each week. Our well-built trade and volume boost show that consumers distinguish the outstanding worth for cash that our outlets propose. The Story of the Primark: The Primark is a clothing dealer; it is widely running in the Ireland, the Portugal, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, United Kingdom and Germany. It runs a whole of 1986 outlets with 38 in Ireland, 138 in the United Kingdom, 14 in Spain, 2 in Germany, 1 in Belgium 2 in Portugal and 1 in the Netherlands. On the other hand the corporation major center of operations are situated in Ireland while its operate as Penneys, the string is a contributory of Associated British Foods plc (ABF), and therefore eventually handled by the Weston family from side to side Wittington Investments. The corporation location itself as selling stylish clothing at cutthroat cost. The Low Price Promise of Primark: Primark can meet the expense of to put forward our consumers low cost by make use of a number of price saving policy. Primark has no promotion costs. Therefore it as an alternative relying on its customers doing the discussion about its products. in addition, Primark purchase and put up for sale in mass size. The Primark have more than 229 outlets in Ireland, and in the United Kingdom, The Netherlands, Spain, , Belgium, Portugal and Germany. The Primarks purchasing power tolerates to purchase in mass size and it bypass the price reserves support to the purchaser. Therefore it remain outlay low where on earth is possible. Through modern supply pact to its outlets to have updated current style, as it appears in the open fashion market. Meanwhile the Primark has attain this in add up to of traditions together with heartbreaking into urban area, high streets position in larger, in additional prosperous position. It no more aim exclusively the near to the ground income consumer and therefore this is the primary target marketplace is youthful, style conscious less than 35s those who wish the stylish clothing at cutthroat cost. It helps these customers and is no more self-conscious to be distinguishing wearing low-cost garments trademarks. Primark is been mark in fashion magazine Vogue, as well as famous person were also seen wearing its clothing many times. Major fundamentals of Primark: Primark has continuous hurried expansion through cautious variety of locality in most important areas in the cities. Primark has enhanced outlets layouts which are further good-looking and customer forthcoming. Primark has trade the most up-to-date style goods at cutthroat cost from contractors from across the world. Primark has an managerial ethnicity that seats a much better importance on good customer services. Primark has draw soaring excellence workforce with a variety of trading ability and awareness. Primark has attained financial system of level as quantity of supply raise. Primark has advertising characteristic celebrities wearing Primark products Factor that contributed to successful research questions:- Being in such a competitive market, poundland and Primark are still in good business and it prompts questions that how can a super store manage to get profit and can survive for longer period of time by adopting a low cost strategy. Factors that need to be researched are whether they are managing their business by keeping low profit margins or by keeping the low quality of products or only by focusing on target marketing strategy and cheap labor rates. Our research will identify and investigate, what is the strategy that works out for them and what is the reason that makes them successful by keeping a low price strategy. Research Question: How a super store can earn Profit when it reduces its prices to beat the Rivals? Why are some Companies trying to include a low retail price strategy? Why Customers do attracted more towards the Low Price instead of Quality? Research Objectives: Conclude how Poundland and Primark can be capable of applying a low price strategy and stay Profitable? Which strategies or methods the companies must apply, to achieve a low cost strategy? Research Hypothesis: The low price Strategy will facilitate a business to catch the attention and keep hold of customers. Reason for the research: The Main reason of this research is to find out why Low Price Strategy is Important and how one super store can work on it for a long time and how it can earn profit as compared to its rivals. Moreover, what will be the impact of this strategy in the UK market and what methods and strategies can be used to keep it continue. Aims: To reduce the price of the items mostly sell at the stores to increase the sales and to attract more customers, to increase the market share as compared to the rivals. And to keep the good will of the super store. Objectives: This is to understand the future responsibility for improvement of productivity level. It has to analyze its sales Strategy and the prices as compared to rivals. The pricing is an important factor because its related to the sales of the products and also affects the other marketing mix elements such as products features, channels decisions and promotions etc. The super store just need to develop a marketing strategy, for that it has to perform marketing analysis, segmentation targets and locations of the stores, defining the products, distributions and promotional tactics. Meanwhile it has to include fixed and variable costs associated with the product. And to focus the likely competitors policies. After collecting the all information the super store needs to selects the pricing methods to develop the pricing structure and define the discounts and offers on the products. Literature review: Low price Strategy is a pricing strategy in which a super store suggests a comparatively low price to motivate demand and gain market share. (Business dictionary, 2011), The link among low price and profitability is not as simple; the analysis of some writings on the subject will be prepared in order to have an understandable idea of the topic; which is determinant for companies to stay challenging, and make bigger or increase their market share. (Web-Books, 2011) The Porters Generic Strategies: The Porters Generic Strategies is the best suitable tool to study the role and need of low price strategy for the selected companies, following is the brief review this strategy. The Cost Leadership: This strategy works on the super store by engaging market share to tempt to price-sensitive consumers. It can be attain by offering the lowest cost in the key market region, or having the lowest cost to cost ratio. Therefore to be thriving at offering the lowest price as still achieving profit and a soaring return on plan, the super store has to be able to work at a lesser cost than its rivals. (Web-Books, 2011) The first move is attaining a high asset return. It will involve manufacturing of high quantity of production. These come up to mean the fixed costs are spread over a bigger number of units of the products, ensuing in a lesser unit expenditure. Higher intensity of output both need and result in soaring market share, and generate an entry barrier to possible rivals, who may not capable to get the scale required to go with the firms low costs and prices. (Web-Books, 2011) Also it is important to attain low direct and indirect working costs. This is attaining by offering high level of standardized goods, offering necessary basic products and restrictive customization and personalization of service. The Manufacturing expenses are kept lowest by using fewer components or equipments, and also by using standard components or the equipments, and by avoiding the amount of form produced to make sure larger produced run. Expenses are reserved low by paying low salary, locating building in low rent areas, setting up an economical background, etc. (Web-Books, 2011) The Differentiation Strategy: The differentiation strategy is appropriate where the target shoppers are not caring about the prices of the products. On the other hand the market is cut-throat and shoppers have very precise needs and choices and which are perhaps under-served, and mean while the store has perfect resources and prospective which let them to fulfil their needs in ways that are tough to copy. (Web-Books, 2011) The Alternative on the Differentiation Strategy: The Strategy that extends a large base of resources that gives out the store to survive against the rivals by using a differentiation strategy. A super store with larger resources can manage threat and sustain income more simply than one with less resources. This deep-pocket strategy gives a short-term benefit only. If a super store requires the capability for frequent improvement, it will not carry on its competitive place in sector. (Web-Books, 2011) The Focus or Strategic Scope: A focused strategy must target market sector that are not as much of vulnerable to alternative or where a rivalry is weakest to produce above-average return on asset. By assuming a broad spotlight level and the standard is unaffected and the store must set up the requirements for the mass market, and to battle either on low cost or differentiation (feature, product name) depending on its income and skill level. (Web-Books, 2011) The Low Pricing Strategy: The Pricing strategy depends on three major faces: cost and profit objectives, customers requirement and competition. Meanwhile to patch up the price, primary add all the expanses and deduct any other cause of income in this way the least amount of profit will be accessible, On the other hand it will provide least amount of the price. At this time it can be measured as customers and the demand for any product to determine the upper limit selling price. In the last part, once having the price choice, and to use revenue objectives in a sequence about the competition to decide the best price. (Dana Griffin, 1999). The most frequent pricing strategies are: Price it Below the Competition. If Primark and Poundland, the two major market companies, It is possible that this thing could happened that when these two companies adopt this policy therefore deliberately and in a marketplace whose formation and consumers make the lowest-price approach feasible These tow companies will have to a based on cutthroat improvement for themselves. And if they dont, then there will be a possibility that there will be a price war that will put down and their rivalry with minor Profits and minor cost earlier than. The Low Pricing is the most key mechanism of marketing and sales policy, which is a part of a complete business preparation. Conveying manufactured goods cost is a strategic action. The price which these tow companies will allocate will show how customers analyze their manufactured goods and whether they will buy it. Cost also helps distinguish the manufactured goods from the other rivals. Though, the cost that set should be in stroke with the other marketing policy and the manufactured goods characteristic. Meanwhile these two companies introduce a proper marketing arrangement, creating some of the examiner essential for a marketing map earlier to influential the pricing policy it will execute and is significant. The information achieve from the study will assist in turning over suitable cost to the goods or services. The Pricing Strategy: The Pricing Strategy is principally based on the Cost, the based on the Demand or the based on the Competition Consequently the cost-based price, the cost are simply planned on producers costs and the mandatory profit inclusive of bearing in mind the requisite. On the other hand the demand-based pricing, customers study helps to determine the suitable price choice, after that it can be conclude profit and cost. While the competition-based pricing, the prices are stand on the rivals. After all depending on consumers devotion, or brand differentiation. (Dana Griffin, 1999). The 4 Key Pricing Strategies: There was a time when most of the companies used to suggest the prices for their every product and wholesaler minimally charged that prices. Any differentiation then was simply on convenience, environment, manufactured goods diversity and value of service of the seller at that time. Here are the 4 main policies: Hi-Lo Pricing Strategy: To commence a diverse factor of differentiation, a big figure of seller going ahead dropping the cost of means goods, in command towards grasp the awareness of consumers keen on their stores, therefore they would purchase erstwhile produce as fine as the reduced-prices. Therefore Hi-Lo pricing was happening, and in the mean time it swiftly became the model everywhere. The seller earned little income or even a faced loss but on the other hand; on the price-reduced produce revert to the income in the better sales of other useful lines. The Hi-Lo pricing also found an aspect of fervour into shopping for consumers and the customers felt good when they had experience the excellent good deal, and this would be able to persuade them to revisit the same store. Peter Clark (co-author, The Loyalty Guide) The Every Day Low Pricing Strategy: This strategy is used to attract to the even more straightforward customers, and to make easier and helpful shopping for those customers who dont have enough time for shopping. Meanwhile on the other hand other retailer gears this pricing policy so they could incriminate a realistic, but low-as-possible cost for all products they offer inside the store to sell. It is very popular these days. For those customers from whom shopping is an unpleasant task to be handle as easily and swiftly as possible, This strategy is the best solution. There is no need to shop here and there and there is no need to collect the vouchers, also there is any need to waste the time. Meanwhile, this approach shows the face up to the retailer; therefore within the nonexistence of further differentiators of some dependability demonstrates is to the cost charged, not to the selling. So the customers force desert to a rival who start to incriminate somewhat lesser cost. The Profit Up Front Strategy: About 3 decades ago, Hi-Lo pricing and EDLP were transformed into a new strategy which was known as Profit-up-front pricing. In this strategy customers were bound to get the unique membership and they were privileged to get special discount on products at extremely at very low price as known as whole sale price. All they had to pay some fixed annual or monthly price. It also depends on super store to super store how much they charge or whether they charge their customers on monthly basis or annual basis. Peter Clark (co-author, The Loyalty Guide) The Access Pricing Strategy: The main aspect of the Strategy is to offer to differentiate the prices on necessary items among regular and irregular customers in an open and noticeable way. Consequently it is tough for the superstores to propose higher prices to the habitual customers and low prices to the irregular customers within the similar market. But in few developed countries there was a problem that why a poor people should pay more than rich regular customers? Currently this strategy is available in most store and business outlets as a points-based loyalty card one the example is Nectar Card. Peter Clark (co-author, The Loyalty Guide) Generic approach and business Forces: Industry Force Generic Strategies Cost Leadership Differentiation Spotlight Entry Barriers Capability to slash cost within reprisal prevents possible entrants. Shopper trustworthiness is able to discourage possible entrants. The focus increase center competencies that can take act as an entrance barrier. Buyer Power Capability to propose minor price to powerful buyers. Great consumer has fewer influences to agree because of few close substitutes. The large buyer has less influence to bargain as of little substitutes. Supplier Power Enhanced protect from commanding suppliers. To able to exceed on providers price increase to the consumers. The retailer has authority of low quantity, other than a differentiation-focused is well again nurture to avoid on provider price as increases. Threat of Substitutes Be able to use low cost to defend beside alternate. Customers turn into close to distinguish quality, reducing risk of substitutes. Meanwhile particular supplies core competencies support against the alternates. Rivalry Improved able to battle on price. Product authenticity to keep consumers from rivals. Competitor cannot collect differentiation-focused customer requirements. (Quick-mba, 2011) As given above there is a plain clarification that how to stay or attain a low price strategy and being the existing super store and it can use cost leadership strategy to create barriers to entry of new rivals. The key strategy which is motivating for the reason of this report is the price direction. This facilitate business not only to boost their market share, but also to avoid competitors from concern the same strategy, as there is a difficulty from entrant as their price is low. Low price Strategy is based on the ability of the super store to create and bring products of competitive quality at lower cost. This figure expresses as well that to make it in the low cost Strategy, the need to have strong relationships with supplier. According to Alagse.com website on customer focused low cost leadership strategy, one vital point as well to succeed in the low cost Strategys to construct a strong relationship with supplier; as they have control over their inbound supplies and logistics . Therefore, business can make sure suppliers of the stability of the command; as for the suppliers, it is the promise of supplies on a habitual basis which introduce mainly. (Alagse.com) Research Methodology: Definition: Pattron (2009, online) defined research methodology as a very intellectual human action used in the examination of nature and issue and deals distinctively with the way in which facts is collected, analyzed and interpreted. The reason to execute the study to find out answers of the questions from side to side the use of logical measures. The key aim of this research is to discover out the accuracy which is unseen and that has to uncover. Approach to the research scope:- The span of my inspection is to examine the issue that make the low cost strategy successful in retail business in the United Kingdom Market. The research objectives and questions are designed in a way so that they first explore how companies in retail industry are making profits by adopting low cost strategy. This research will also examine why customers get attracted by low cost products more and can do negotiation on feature and factors while they make a purchase. Also in this research, descriptive technique of research has been used and investigation questionnaires was spread among the random people with the help of social networking websites like facebook, and linkedin to get the response that inspect the research questions. I have carry out a preliminary literature review to investigate what other authors write about my research topic. All findings in this literature review are meant to serve as a bottom for with the consequences of my prime data collection. The comparison between the two will help to either prove or disprove my research hypothesis. Deductive Research Approach the Targeted Participants: The subsequent information will center on 2 companies successful in the United Kingdom retailing market, as they are famous for using a low price Strategy (Primark Poundland). The use of the survey sample (see appendix) that have been published online among males and females; feedbacks established by discussing with customers around selected retailing business; report from chosen companies; and finally information found in some particular reports and books will help to review the facts and figures composed, this in arrange to have a improved plan of the low price Strategy. Research Techniques: This report will be using 2 types of process together and analyze information. However data will be gathered from secondary and primary data or through quantitative and qualitative. Qualitative research methods are a mixture of balanced, explorative and spontaneous. (Van Maanen, 1983; Strauss and Corbin, 1990). Quantitative research technique is associated with collecting individual data and aggregates are to study organization. Hence they are linked with any measurable thing or figure; providing the examiner with range of numbers, which are available in figures, graphical forms, and tabulations. Data Collection: The Data was collected primarily and secondarily. Total number of 10 questionnaire samples was used to obtain primary data from Customers; I had used an online survey. I built and an online survey with the help of free online survey web site and then I share the link online and via email and via social networking website and soon I stated receiving the responses. All the people were targeted who were mostly visiting the Primark and Poundland very often. They have had specified the clearer opinion about their shopping behavior. This survey will help me to find out the root level reality about the low price strategy and how it works and affect the common people. It will also help me to make the decision that is the people are really enjoying the offers of low price strategy or not. And is it beneficial to the selected companies or not. While secondary data taken from books, and helpful websites. This helped me to be familiar with the role of Low Price Strategy in any organization espec ially in Poundland and Primark. To start with, a survey plus informal debate with 30 customers was used to have a common view; to determine to what level they are worry with the low price strategy (low cost as well according to the business glossary) used by whichever Poundland or Primark; and on the selling market in common. Secondly, data is provided by the 2 companies through their websites (www.poundland.co.uk, and www.primark.co.uk) Along with the help of book (Michael E, Porter) and information was helpful to have an improved accepting of the low price Strategy Population Sample: For the reason of this study convenience sampling will be considered. A sample of 40 Customers approximately was considered from different areas. To rush the collection and response, questionnaire was circulated through social networking websites like facebook and email. A total amount of more than thirty one filled questionnaires were returned and rest was not completely filled. ANALYSES OF RESULT: The reason of this research is to find the role of Low Retail Strategy in the market of UK and I have the perfect examples of the two giving stores which help me to study about this strategy. And with the help of this survey it is very easy to understand the that the customers do appreciated the low prices of the products they need and if this strategy is followed by other giants of the market then there will be a big price war. But only those companies will be successful who will not only reduces the prices but will also focus on their quality of products as well as their customer services. Questionnaire and its outcomes: Here it will be discussed that how the questionnaire is analyzed. The report used a convenience sampling by distributing a total number of 97 people and the questionnaires was containing 10 questions but only 66 people had return the filled Questionnaire and I consider the 66 filled questionnaires. For this survey I had build a survey on a free online survey website which is www.instant.ly/survey and I had share the link via my email and over the facebook communities. The following grid shows the entire history of the survey performed by the people who were involved in this survey Londoners in the first column stands for the people I hit were random customers lived in the London city and their ages were from 20 to 35. They were contacted through emails and a survey website. The 39 people had opened the link of survey and out of 30 of them had completed it. The second column show they survey link I distributed through web email and got the responses email was sent to 46 and 26 had completed successfully. The last shows the facebook contacts these people helped to performed 10 surveys out of the 12. The total number of 97 people was touched and 66 were the successful responses. Your Gender is? The first question of the survey is about the gender, it was essential to ask and to know the trend that how many make and female are more attracted to this strategy. Therefore according to the result 53% males likes the lows price retails and purchasing the item on low price from Primark and Poundland as compare to Females which were just 47%. Q2: What time did you last shop? (Whichever clothes from Primark or Grocery from Poundland). Gender proportion categorization according to the super store: In the next question of the survey it was asked to the people that when they shop last time on the two specified stores. They were gives the few options to choose which were, did they shop this week? Last week or more than a week ago? In the result 30% people said they shop this week, while 18% had shop last week and nearly 52% people had shop more than last week. Below the graph is a table grid which distinguished the males and females who shop according to the question 2. According to that 30% male and 25% female shop from the two given stores during the current week. This makes the total number of

Free Essays on Whartons Ethan Frome: Responsibilities :: Ethan Frome Essays

Ethan Frome - Responsibilities    Ethan Frome is the main character of Edith Wharton’s tragic novel. Ethan lives the bitterness of his youth’s lost opportunities, and dissatisfaction with his joyless life and empty marriage. Throughout the story Ethan is trapped by social limits and obligations to his wife. He lives an unhappy life with many responsibilities and little freedom. Ethan Frome studied science in college for a year and probably would have succeeded as an engineer or physicist had he not been summoned home to run the family farm and mill. Ethan quickly ended his schooling and went to run the family farm and mill because he feels it is his responsibility. He marries Zeena after the death of his mother, in an unsuccessful attempt to escape silence, isolation, and loneliness. Ethan also feels the responsibility to marry Zeena as a way to compensate her for giving up part of her life to nurse his mother. After marring Zeena he forgets his hope of every continuing his education and he is now force d to remain married to someone he does not truly love. Several Years after their marriage, cousin Mattie Silver is asked to relieve Zeena, who is constantly ill, of her house hold duties. Ethan finds himself falling in love with Mattie, drawn to her youthful energy, as, â€Å" The pure air, and the long summer hours in the open, gave life and elasticity to Mattie.† Ethan is attracted to Mattie because she is the opposite of Zeena, while Mattie is young, happy, healthy, and beautiful like the summer, Zeena is seven years older than Ethan, bitter, ugly and sickly cold like the winter. Zeena’s strong dominating personality undermines Ethan, while Mattie’s feminine, lively youth makes Ethan fell like a â€Å"real man.† Ethan and Mattie finally express their feeling for each other while Zeena is visiting the doctor, and are forced to face the painful reality that their dreams of being together can not come true. The return to reality was as painful as the return to consciousness after taking and anaesthetic. His body and brain ached with indescribable weariness, and he could not think of nothing to say or do that would arrest the mad flight of the moments He desperately wanted to run away with Mattie, but he could not leave because his practical sense told him it was not suitable to do so partly because of his responsibility to take care of Zeena.

Comparing Power in Cry, The Beloved Country and The Women of Brewster Place :: comparison compare contrast essays

True Power in Cry, the Beloved County, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, and The Women of Brewster Place      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The world sets out to disappoint man. There exists a constant battle in which man has to prove himself by rising up against inevitable pain and destruction. When the struggle we face will end is unknown to us, and remains a mystery. The question of why we are forced to struggle even goes unanswered. Yet to overcome everything trying to disempower man, all we need is love. Through endless possibilities we can both love and use this power to create something more, something so great it enables us to transcend those who try to disempower. Even though this love exists in so many forms and pervades every moment of our lives, the challenge remains to find it. In Cry, the Beloved County by Alan Paton, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich by Solzhenitsyn, and The Women of Brewster Place by Gloria Naylor, the characters depict our endless search for love and the power it carries with it.    Perhaps it is the innocence that lures man to them, perhaps it is even their helplessness that compels man to reach out to them, but whatever the cause, people so often find their love within children. Being with a child eliminates all other worries and pains of the world. Paton says as much when he declares, "Now God be thanked that there is a beloved one who can lift up the heart in suffering, that one can play with a child in the face of such misery" (Paton 62). Though Kumalo experiences continuing hardships on his trip to Johannesburg, nothing brings him greater pleasure than when he plays with the child of his daughter. "When he plays with the child, there is something that comes out of him so that he is changed" (Paton 118). Expressed even further is the love created with a child of one's own. Luciela Turner, of Women of Brewster Place, looks at her daughter as her only source of love that has ever come without pain, and the child brings her so much pleasure. "The p layful laughter of her daughter, heard more often now, brought a sort of redemption," Naylor says (96).

Physical Education †National Study Essay

To examine the support and provision for football in England, I will be researching how the sporting structure in the country helps performers from first-level elite stage through to area, county, regional and national selection. The diagram below shows the pathway a typical performer would take to reach the top level of elite representation. There is evidence to suggest that the schools in England. have realised their importance in introducing football to children, however, not only is football offered through the PE curriculum, but schools also offer pathways into a wide range of additional opportunities for example, after-school clubs & into competition. There are soccer schools all around the country which help develop the talents of specific players, one such school is the Orpington FC Soccer School whose aim is to provide football for players of all abilities. It takes place every Saturday morning, with the school being divided into two sections: Minis (Boys & Girls) 3-5 years old and Academy (Boys & Girls) – Year 1,2 and 3. It only costs à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2 per session. Well-renowned football clubs all around the country also hold soccer schools sessions to enhance the ability of performers of all ages. Arsenal Soccer Schools, held by Arsenal Football Club try to get children to â€Å"play the Arsenal way†. By guiding players through extensive training programmes, they take time to nurture and develop youngsters since 1985 and have network centres all over the world. The techniques used are the same ones senior players from Arsenal use in the training ground, developing their technical ability. They have soccer school locations all over the country and it is at your own digression to click on the ‘course locator’ they have to find the nearest one near you. Read more:  Essay About Physical Education Sports Academies are also present around the country to develop performers, the HCC Football Academy (Hackney Community College Academy) have been in operation for over a year and have already won the UEFA Festival of Sport. The UK-Football Academy located in Luton, Bedfordshire ensures performers have the opportunity to be showcased via Professional Football Trials in the presence of top football scouts from the Premier League right down to the Blue Square Premier. Their coaching is delivered by UEFA ‘A’ & ‘B’ licensed coaches; they also pride themselves in teaching ‘essential life skills’ which they believe will aid performers’ paths into professional football. County Associations are one of the fundamental pathways into supporting performers. As Appendix [1] shows, each county is represented by one member of the FA Council. Each Development Team works to provide coaching and funding to children and adults throughout their area. Included within this sphere is the awarding of the FA Charter Standard, the development of women’s and girls’ football, the promotion of minority groups within the game and the running of a series of courses to aid coaching standards. They are also responsible for administering club and player registration as well as promoting development amongst those bodies and referees . Football’s National Governing Body – The F.A is responsible for developing and regulating the game at levels from international football to the grassroots. They invest à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60m into the game each year with the income mostly coming from sponsorships. The F.A. Hat-Trick Programme delivers Community Football Development workers in the most deprived areas of the country, and they are committed to removing any barriers to people of all ethnic backgrounds playing football. The professional structure of football is important in the development of performers. The system contains a hierarchy of leagues following the principle of relegation and promotion. The advantage for performers is that teams from more prominent teams than the one they play can purchase them from their respective clubs. Talent Identification of each phase of the football performer pathway is as follows: Phase One: (Identification of Talent) – Teenagers between 14-16 are screened within their school via a host of physical and physiological assessments, and then their results are compared against a national database, if they show evidence of surpassing the average standards, they progress onto level two. Phase Two: (Testing Stage & Selection Stage) – The screening stage continues as in Phase One but this time, the testing is more sport-specific. This phase sees if they can use the results they had in Phase One and implement them into a more sport specific environment. If there is an indication of increased sports potential, then they will be in the ‘selection’ phase. Phase Three: (Development Stage) – Young athletes who have been identified as talented, and selected for a particular sport via testing, will be invited to participate in a talented athlete programme – the ‘development’ phase. Different clubs have different requirements to identifying talented players, e.g. TIPS – technique, intelligent, personality, speed (Ajax Football Club), TABS – technique, attitude, balance and speed (Barcelona Football Club), SUPS – speed, understanding, personality and skills (Arsenal Football Club). After these phases, you will be invited to a trial at a club. Talent Identification schemes will simply pick the best individuals i.e. who they believe is most likely to make it as a professional footballer. Some football clubs want to test your fitness and your performance in a football match whilst others just concentrate on the latter. Speed is very important in football today as the game is very fast-moving and hence this attribute is considered by almost all clubs, normally they will judge speed by seeing performers sprint in a football match. It is of vital importance that there are opportunities for football performers for specific populations, who may be under-represented due to a wide range of barriers. In England, there is a whole host of opportunities specifically aimed at disabled athletes, the diagram below shows the importance the country pays to include everyone regardless of their ability: The level of provision for females in England is much lower than that of the provision for males, due to the lack of female teams and the lack of demand for female footballers. The FA funds full-time football development staff in each County Football Association to deliver its development programme. These include 47 Women’s and Girls’ Football Development Officers â€Å"working strategically across the country to introduce the playing opportunities required†. There is a gender imbalance for performers progressing through to elite level of representation. In conclusion, having researched the provision for football performers in England, I can say that there is no shortage of opportunities available and it is mostly at the digression of people to make the most out of them. One positive is that most of them are free and do not require any previous experience which is good as it involves everyone regardless of their ability. To improve provision for football performers, there could be a remit for females to progress through the pathways the same as males. Bibliography http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Football_Association http://www.hackney.ac.uk/about/sports-academies/ http://inclusion.youthsporttrust.org/downloads/cms/Inclusion/pathways_8_football.pdf http://www.orpingtonfc.org.uk/soccer-school/ http://www.playthearsenalway.com/ http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmcumeds/1357/1357.pdf http://www.sportcentral.org.uk/football-news/ http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/WhatWeDo http://uk-footballacademy.com/

Favourite Brand Paper Essay

The brand that I identify with is tide laundry detergent. I love tide laundry detergent because there are 5 people in my house and a lot of laundry being done with Tide I am able to use less detergent for a large amount of cloths. It keeps the colors of the cloths bright and even if you have been using cheap detergent when cloths are washed with tide the colors bright. Tide also gets hard to remove stains out of cloths without having to pretreat the sting and soak cloths for a long period of times. I can also save money by using Tide because when using a less effective brand I have to pour more than the required amount to wash and the cloths deteriorate faster. When cloths deteriorate and look dull I have to spend more money to purchase cloths in a shorter amount of time. I do believe Tide Company has built a successful relationship with loyal customers because even during the recession Tide created a cheaper detergent called Tide Basic in order to accommodate its loyal customers dur ing these hard times. The company has created a Tide detergent that can be used with cold water which saves on the energy bill. Loyal Tide customer has a lot of variety to choose from which helps maintain the relationship with the brand. This brand is focused on groups of all ages because it is efficient and has been around since 1946. The Tide brand for the younger generation helps them remember home and for the older generation it is familiar and a brand they can trust. Tide has a variety of detergent product such as tide pods eliminate odor and are pre-measured, Tide ultra-stain release removes 99 percent of stains, Tide to go instant stain remover to go it’s a pen that is small and can be carried around if you get a small stain on your cloths, Tide boost duo packs it has stain removing power without any dyes or scent, Tide total care for high efficiency washers, Tide ultra clean plus downy gives same clean feeling and soft cloths, Tide cold water great cleaning and save money no hot or even warm water needed, Tide alternative bleach wash whites without the need of using bleach, Tide Free provide ge ntle on skin, Tide febreze for individuals who play sports, all of these also come in powder form for those who do not like liquid detergent. This is another reason Tide caters to all  age groups there is something for everyone. The two competitor brands Whisk and Kirkland Signature Ultra. These two detergents are numbers 2 and 3 on the list of competitor detergents which was done by ABC news. I have tried both of these brands. In my opinion these brands are good but the stain fighting power is not as effective as tide. When using tide on my chef uniform which has food and oils from cooking kitchen smell was gone. I used both brands to wash my nephews chef uniforms and they were not as effective at removing dirt, grim and most of all the smell of food. Tide has also been featured in good housekeeping magazine. It was also named one of the must steal products because in recent years there has been a surge of theft with tide detergent. In conclusion Tide laundry detergent is a brand that has been around for decades. It maintains and brightens colors. Tide also has over 15 varieties from one that can be used on sensitive skin to cold water Tide that helps save money. Tide is a trusted brand and caters to their customer’s needs. They also have helped maintain the relationship by offering a lower priced detergent when the recession affected all individuals around the world. Tide does have some competition but it does not have all the varieties or report that Tide has with their customers. References http://nymag.com/news/features/tide-detergent-drugs-2013-1/index2.html /www.nytim http:/es.com/roomfordebate/2013/01/14/why-would-drug-dealers-use-tide-as-a-currency/tide-is-the-must-steal-product-of-the-season http://www.goodhousekeeping.com/product-reviews/home-products/laundry-detergents/best-laundry-detergent#slid

Kant’s ‘Copernican Revolution’

Describe Kant’s ‘Copernican Revolution’ and explain (and outline) how he hopes it will give rise to synthetic apriori knowledge. Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason [1781] was birthed out of the Leibnizian-Wolff tradition. He rejected this tradition due to a dislike of the principles of Sufficient Reason and Non-Contradiction. Although much of the Critique can be read as a spirited attack on this tradition, Kant’s real catalyst for the writing the Critique was the empiricist David Hume, and the way one reads the Critique is informed by the awareness of the Critique as a duel attack.The creation of the ‘synthetic a priori’ and the ‘Copernican Revolution’ that gave rise to it are both conversant of this attack. This essay aims to outline and defend how the ‘Copernican Revolution’ evolved and how this ‘metaphysical revolution’ formed the concept of the ‘synthetic a priori’. In the Preface to th e Critique Kant describes metaphysics as once being the ‘queen of all sciences’ (A ix). Yet, despite this, he argues that reason in metaphysics fails to have the stability of mathematics or natural science.The conflict of Newtonian science with Leibnizian metaphysics, rationalism with empiricism, and natural science with morality and religion, are all instances of metaphysics as a ‘battle ground’ (Gardner 1999: 20). Kant argues that: â€Å"If the various participants are unable to agree in any common plan of procedure, then we may rest assured that it is very far from having entered upon the secure path of a science, and is indeed a merely random groping† (B vii).For Kant, the natural sciences and mathematics are in contrast to metaphysics because the former have undergone a peculiar process of stability. Kant adheres to a ‘Maker’s Knowledge Thesis’, which argues that a subject has supreme (a priori) knowledge of an object, if the y are the maker of that object or able to reproduce it. Thus, maths has a priori status because we can construct mathematical objects ourselves. He affects to reproduce an analogous revolution in metaphysics.At†¦Kant gives his ‘Copernican Revolution’ of metaphysics: â€Å"Hitherto it has been assumed that all our knowledge must conform to objects. But all attempts to extend our knowledge of objects by establishing something in regard to them a priori, by means of concepts, have, on this assumption, ended in failure. We must therefore make trial whether we may not have more success in the tasks of metaphysics, if we suppose that objects must conform to our knowledge.This would agree better with what is desired, namely, that it should be possible to have knowledge of objects a priori, determining something in regard to them prior to their being given† (B xvi). The ‘Copernican Revolution’ attempts a compromise between the optimistic Leibnizian real ists, who argue that we can have objective (a priori) knowledge of the external world through the Principle of Sufficient Reason and the Humean sceptics, who argue that we can have no knowledge beyond immediate experience.By a ‘Copernican Revolution’, Kant intends a complete overhaul of what has previously been taken as objective fact: like Copernicus explained the ‘objective’ movement of the sun by the subjective movement of the observer on earth, Kant explains our knowledge of ‘objective’ external objects in terms of our subjective modes of cognition (Gardener 1999: 42). On the ‘Maker’s Knowledge Thesis’, for an agent to have a priori metaphysical knowledge, they must have at least partially formed a sum of that knowledge.Kant claims that this is achieved by the input of our cognitive faculties on what we observe. Some critics question how Kant’s ‘revolution’ does not merely collapse into an account of Berkeley’s mind-dependence, that we ‘create’ the external objects in our own minds (Gardener 1999: 43). But Kant is not idealist in the way that Berkeley is, to say that the subject ‘forms’ the object by the modes of their cognition, is not to say that objects are the creation of our representations.Kant does hold that there are objective external objects in the world, he merely denies that we can know them as such. He makes a distinction between objects as they appear to us and objects as they are in themselves. Locke makes a similar distinction between what he called the ‘primary’ and ‘secondary’ qualities. In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, he argued that the secondary qualities such as an object’s colour, smell etc. is fundamentally different from their ‘primary’ qualities such as their size or extension.The secondary qualities are things that can be known by the observer, but not as a prope rty of the thing in its self, whereas primary qualities are independent of whoever is observing them, and are properties of the thing as it is in itself. Kant’s distinction is even more limited insofar as he does not think that any of the properties Locke describes as ‘primary’ are properties of an object in its self. He believes that all we can know of an object in its self is that it exists. If the fact that an object exists is all that we could ever know of an object in itself, then a rationalist perspective would hold that this s all we can ever know of that object (full stop) because they believe that knowledge conforms to the object. However, because Kant believes that the object conforms to knowledge, he also believes that we can know other things about the object through the faculties of our cognition. We can never have knowledge of a thing its self because we cannot have ‘Maker’s Knowledge’ of such a thing, but we can have ‘Make r’s knowledge’ of a thing as it appears to us because we ‘form’ these appearances with our own cognition. These are what Kant terms ‘synthetic a priori’ judgements.Kant distinguishes â€Å"cognitions a priori†¦ from empirical ones, which have their sources a posteriori, namely in experience† (Guyer 2006: 45). An analytic judgment is one in which â€Å"the predicate B belongs to the subject A as something that is contained in this concept A† (Guyer 2006: 46). They are concepts known through identity, such as ‘All bachelors are married men’. By contrast, synthetic judgements are those in which â€Å"the predicate B lies entirely outside the concept A, although to be sure it stands in connection with it† (ibid).Championed by Hume, the orthodox view of the time was that while analytic judgements can be known a priori, given the fact that they can be immediately experienced and understood if you can understand the composite meaning of the proposition, synthetic judgements could only ever be understood a posteriori. A posteriori cognitions are merely based on the experience of an object and a synthetic judgement such as ‘this macbook is white’ can only ever be known by looking at the object (macbook) and a posteriori judging it to have a certain property (whiteness).Kant disagreed with this Humean reasoning, and while he accepted that there could not be an analytic a posteriori, he did think that there could be synthetic a priori cognitions. Kant blames the instability of metaphysics on the fact that the possibility of ‘synthetic a priori’ judgments has never been considered. In the Preface of the Critique Kant argues that the ‘real’ problem of pure reason is â€Å"contained in the question: How are synthetic judgements a priori possible? † (Gardener 1999). He makes an initial concession to the empiricists insofar as all knowledge necessarily ‘begins with’ experience.However, he argues that from this it does not necessarily follow that all of our knowledge be derived from such experience (it may, conversely, be derived a priori) (Gardener 1999: 53). Kant argues in the Introduction of the Critique that â€Å"if we find a proposition such that in thinking it we think at the same time its necessity, then it is an a priori judgment; and if, in addition, it is not derived from any proposition except one that itself has the validity of a necessary proposition, then it is absolutely a priori† (B3).Kant presupposes that we have this kind of knowledge: we have a priori knowledge of mathematical objects, and the principle of causation has ‘strict universality’ (Gardener 1999: 53). However, Kant does not regard these as analytic. Instead, Guyer argues that â€Å"[f]or Kant, all the fundamental propositions of philosophy as well as the contents of pure mathematics and even the basic principles of na tural science are nothing less than synthetic a priori cognitions† (Guyer 2006: 47).Kant argues that the term ‘synthetic’, when applied to judgments, â€Å"has a double sense of connecting a predicate with a concept in which it is not contained, and of presupposing a corresponding act of synthesis or putting together on the part of the subject† (Gardener 1999: 55). This is the act of ‘transcendental synthesis’. This process is significant when considering the a priori. Kant argues that although some concepts are indeed analytical, such as ‘all bachelors are married men’, concepts such as ‘every cause has an effect’ are not.Such concepts are a priori by virtue of being necessary, but they are also synthetic because they intend to add something to the sum of human knowledge. According to Kant, any informative concept must also be synthetic (Gardener 1999: 56). Because of this, Rawls advances two analytically distinct cri teria for analyticity: a judgement is analytic if (1) Its truth can be determined on the basis of conceptual considerations or the meaning of its composite terms; (2) â€Å"if it is self-evidently true rather than such as to extend our knowledge† (Gardener 1999: 61).These criteria have lead critics to argue that Kant confuses two different versions of the analytic/synthetic distinction; the first definition of analyticity encompasses what Kant calls ‘synthetic a priori’ because they would be true for conceptual reasons. However, These critics fail to give an account of how conceptual considerations are intended to extend knowledge the way that the synthetic a priori entails.Some critics argue that Kant’s method of proving the existence of synthetic a priori judgments is analytic, an argument of regress from the effect back to its cause. By arguing as such, they thus accuse Kant of presupposing the very thing he is intending to prove. Guyer argues that â₠¬Å"[o]f course, if one doubts that mathematics and physics do contain synthetic a priori cognition, then the use of this analytic or regressive method to arrive at further metaphysical truths is in trouble from the outset† (Guyer 2006: 48).Kant admits that his methodology is analytical in the Prolegomena, however, in the first edition Kant argues that his process was synthetic, by inquiring within pure reason itself. In the Preface Kant argues that his objective is â€Å"to demonstrate and make comprehensible the objective validity of his concepts a priori†. In the Introduction to the First Edition Kant argues that reason â€Å"†¦finds itself compelled to resort to principles that go beyond all possible use in experience, and that nonetheless seem so little suspect that even common human reason agrees with them.By doing this, however, human reason plunges into darkness and contradictions; and although it can indeed gather from these that they must be based on erro rs lying hidden somewhere, it is unable to discover these errors†¦[t]he combat of these endless conflicts is what we call metaphysics† (A viii). The ‘Copernican Revolution’ is the way Kant attempts to prove the possibility of synthetic a priori knowledge without flying off into ungrounded metaphysics (Guyer 2006: 49). If we assume that the sensory representations and conceptual organisation of objects is contained only in experience, then knowledge can never be more than a posteriori.But, if we discover cognitive ‘forms’ of these representations and organisations, then we know that nothing can ever be an object of knowledge without being subject to these forms, and thus that these ‘forms’ necessarily apply to the objects of our knowledge and therefore must constitute synthetic a priori judgments (Guyer 2006: 49-50). Bibliography: Gardner, Sebastian (1999) â€Å"Kant and the Critique of Pure Reason†, London: Routledge. Guyer, P aul (2006) â€Å"Kant†, Oxon: Routledge. Kant, Immanuel (Pluhar, Werner: Translator) (1996) â€Å"Critique of Pure Reason†, USA: Hackett Publishing Company.